The Origins and History of Punk Fashion

The Origins and History of Punk Fashion The time and birthplace of Punk movement is debatable. Either the New York scene of the late sixties or the British Punks of 1975-76 can be given the honour. Conventionally, it is thought the New Yorkers invented the musical style while the Londoners popularized the attitude and the appearance. For our purpose, we will just watch over the British punk because it was just in the late seventies that the movement gained some importance and formalization. Punk in Britain was a movement essentially made of deprived working-class white youths. There is a strong connection between the punk phenomenon and the economic and social inequalities in Great Britain. The aim of this work is to show where the punk came from and how the movement developed its own style, quite different from any other else, up to making it a proper fashion recognized worldwide. In the fist chapter, it will be introduced the concept of subculture. The punk was in fact one of the many white youth subculture sparkled after the Second World War. It will be explained why youth subcultures emerged and they will be delineated the main features of some of them. A deep analysis of Punk movement origins will be carried out in the second chapter. Here it will be possible to understand the social reasons which led to the creation of punk and the many different sources of style which contributed to the formation of a punk aesthetic. The main feature of the punk aesthetic, then, will be exposed and commented in the third chapter. This chapter focus on the use of shocking and glowering clothes and accessories as a way of rebellion against the mainstream and the society. In the fourth chapter, it will be discussed the role of media in the spread and acceptance of the punk subculture. As we will see in this chapter, little by little media changed attitude toward punk. There was a shift from fear to integration of punks which can be explained through the analysis of two forms of incorporation, the commodity form and the ideological form. Yet in this chapter, it will be presented on of the main pillar of the punk ideology, the Do It Yourself (DIY) philosophy, which influenced everything in the punk subculture from the music to the fashion. In the fifth chapter, then, it will be drawn the story of what can be considered the real birthplace of the punk fashion, the 430 Kings Road, where Vivienne Westwood and Malcolm McLaren started their careers. It will be delineated the evolution of the different shops that followed each other at this address and, what is more important, the evolution of the styles proposed by these shops which became the point of reference for the most important punk fashion addicted. In the sixth and last chapter, finally, it will be pointed out how the commodity form of incorporation struck the punk made it fashion available and accepted by the vast public. The 1977 couture collection of Zandra inspired to punks may be identified as the final blow for a pure punk style and the beginning of its exploitation as a fashion trend. From that time on many fashion designers inspired to a punk aesthetic for their collections. Recently the whole fashion system seems to have rediscovered the punk: From Jean-Paul Gaultier to Moschino up to low-cost retailers as Zara or HM. Chapter 1 Youth subcultures:  The source of style The term subculture came up for the first time around the second half of the 1940s in anthropological and sociological writing. As early as 1950, David Riesman distinguished between a majority, which passively accepted commercially provided styles and meanings, and a subculture which actively sought a minority style (hot jazz at the time) and interpreted it in accordance with subversive values. Thus the audience [] manipulates the product (and hence the producer), no less than the other way round (Riesman, 1950). From that time on, many different studies were carried out and various interpretations on the meaning and the function of the subcultures were given by estimated personalities as John Clarke, Phil Cohen, Walter Miller, Matza and Sykes, Peter Willmott and Stuart Hall.   In particular, Dick Hebdige gave one of the biggest contributions to the study of subcultures in his 1979 book Subculture the Meaning of style which encompasses all theories from the above mentionated authors and uses them to analyze the youth subcultures. From hipsters to teddy boys, from skinheads to mods, from glitter rockers to punks, the youth cultural styles consecution is here reinterpreted, reposing on Gramscis notion of hegemony, as symbolic forms of resistance; as spectacular symptoms of a wider more generally submerged dissent which characterized the whole post-war period (Hebdige, 1979) The origins of youth subcultures are, thus, to be found after the Second World War when the traditional patterns of everyday life were completely upturned. The emergence of the mass media, modifications in the structure of the family and in the organization of school and work, shifts in the relative burdens of work and leisure, all contributed in fragmenting and polarizing the working-class community. In this contest, also the role and the relative importance of the working-class youth experienced a deep change: their purchasing power enormously increased (during the period 1945-50 it was estimated that the average real wage of teenagers increased at twice the adults rate) and, consequently, it was created a new youth market in order to take up the resulting surplus. From then on, the youth started to express and impose its own identity against the parental one. According to Cohen youth subcultures can be defined as a compromise solution between two contradictionary needs: The need to create and express autonomy and difference from parents [] and the need to maintain the parental identifications (Cohen, 1972). That is to say, the latent function of subculture was to express and resolve, albeit magically, the contradictions which remain hidden or unresolved in the parent culture (Cohen, 1972) As Hebdige pointed out, skinheads, for instance, undoubtedly reasserted those values associated with the traditional working-class community, but they did so in the face of the widespread renunciation of those values in the parent culture at a time when such an affirmation of the classic concerns of working- class life was considered inappropriate(Hebdige, 1979). But it is also the case of mods: in fact they were negotiating changes and contradictions which were simultaneously affecting the parent culture but they were doing so in terms of their own relatively autonomous problematic by inventing an elsewhere (the week-end, the West End) which was defined against the familiar locales of the home, the pub, the working-mans club, the neighbourhood (Hebdige, 1979). Nevertheless, we must be careful in stressing the importance of integration and coherence between youth and parent culture because one of the most relevant feature in the definition of a subculture is its dissonance and discontinuity with the most largely accepted culture. This is particularly evident if we take in consideration the punk subculture. As Hebdige writes in fact we should be hard pressed to find in the punk subculture, for instance, any symbolic attempts to retrieve some of the socially cohesive elements destroyed in the parent culture (Cohen, 1972) beyond the simple fact of cohesion itself: the expression of a highly structured, visible, tightly bounded group identity. Rather, the punks seemed to be parodying the alienation and emptiness which have caused sociologists so much concern, realizing in a deliberate and wilful fashion the direst predictions of the most scathing social critics, and celebrating in a mock-heroic terms the death of the community and collapse of traditional forms of meaning. Even if each subculture strives to be different and unique among other ones, they all share a common feature: they are all cultures of conspicuous consumption. This term indicates the practice of abnormally spending on goods and services with the main objective of flaunting the belonging to a social status, a particular group or, as in this case, to a specific subculture. It is through the distinctive rituals of consumption, through style, that the subculture at once reveals its secret identity and communicates its forbidden meanings. It is basically the way in which commodities are used in subculture which marks the subculture off from the more orthodox cultural formations. (Hebdige, 1979). The style can be defined as the self-image that a person creates representing his or her personality. Style, however, is not built at an individual level but it is strongly dictated by the subculture rules. Everyone identifying in a specific subculture is unconsciously constrained in the adoption, use, dissemination, and the rejection of a certain style of clothing or even acting. That because of the so-called social pressure: the behaviour of a single person is so much linked to the influence exerted by the social groups that the individual identity muddles up with the collective identity. Accordingly, the identity of the individual is recognized just as his or her membership to the reference group is recognized and accepted by all other members. In this contest, the apparel assumes a key role becoming the most evident sign of affiliation and, thus, one of the principal mean of social avowal. Considering the clothing in the sense of a common communication code, it becomes important to identify the symbolic value of different clothes. Actually, they always carry a message about the style of a group, and to a more precise analysis, they can tell us everything we need to know about norms and values of a specific group and even about its formation processes. Thus, the apparel adopted by a subculture should not be seen as a transient fashion but as a visual image of what are the values and norms characterizing that specific subculture and distinguishing it from parent culture and from the other youth subculture too, and inasmuch symbolic representation, it needs to be carefully analyzed to be properly interpreted. Chapter 2 The Punk: a Mix of heterogeneous youth styles I can play punk rock, and I love playing punk rock, but I was into every other style of music before I played punk rock.  (Travis Baker) This quotation from one of the most famed punk-rock drummer of the recent years well summarizes what was the punk movements background. Punks origins are blended and even conflicting, coming from a wide range of different musical and fashion styles. Influenced by David Bowie and glitter rock, combined with the main features of Southend rb rhythms, inspired by American proto-punk, twisted with northern soul and with reggae, the punk can be described as a patchwork made of distorted reflections coming from almost every previous post-war youth culture stuck together with safety pins. (Jon Savage, 2007) It is like punk unearthing and renewing entire wardrobes belonging to different ages with the aim of proposing them in revitalized cut-up form. Glam rock contributed narcissism, nihilism and gender confusion. American punk offered a minimalist aesthetic (e.g. the Ramones Pinhead or Crimes I stupid), the cult of the street and a penchant for self-laceration. Northern Soul (a genuinely secret subculture of working-class youngsters dedicated to acrobatic dancing and fast American soul of the 60s, which centres on clubs like Wigan Casino) brought its subterranean tradition of fast, jerky rhythms, solo dance styles and amphetamines; reggae its exotic and dangerous aura or forbidden identity, its conscience, its dread and its cool. Native rhythm n blues reinforced the brashness and the speed of Northern Soul, took back to the basics and contributed a highly developed iconoclasm, a thoroughly British person and an extremely selective appropriation of the rock n roll heritage. (Hebdige, 1979) However, the link between these so heterogeneous styles is to be found in the social contest in which the punk movement emerged. We are dealing with the late 1970s in Britain, with its massive unemployment, with its continuous warlike violence episodes (as ,for instance, the tragic one happened during the 76 Notting Hill Carnival to which the punk group The Clash dedicated the song White riot), with its changing moral standards and its rediscovery of poverty. It was exactly in this period that the race relations became fundamental. On the one hand, there was the urban black youths, living and working in Britain but dreaming and finding an imaginary refuge in an elsewhere (Africa, the West Indies, etc.) through the reggae and the Rastafarianism. On the other hand, there was the white working-class youth, placed at the same social level as the black ones but stuck in their present time, having no foreseeable future and no places or means to escape the reality. In fact, the model proposed by the glam rock made of literary influences (from Rimbaud, Burroughs, Lautrà ©amont and Huysmans) and underground cinema, focused on the concepts of polymorphism, perverse sexuality and obsessive individualism resulted too remote from the majority of working-class youth. They were imprisoned in a vicious circle. They felt as aliens, rejected not only by the rest of the world but also by the any existent music genre. They had no reference models, no hopes for the future and neither perspectives of improvement. Therefore, they started to act out alienation, to mime its imagined condition, to manufacture a whole series of subjective correlatives for the official archetypes of the crisis of modern life: the unemployment figures, the Depression, the Westway, Television, etc. (Hebdige, 1979) The awareness of this crisis led to the conversion of what was an inner malaise into tangible icons (the safety pins, the ripped clothes, the spikes, the hungry look, the combat boots, etc.) reflecting in an enhanced way the perceived condition of exile and alienation, which is, nevertheless, voluntarily assumed. Punks, thus, moved back to earlier, more vigorous forms of rock (i.e. the 50s and the mid-60s when the black influences had been strongest) and forward to contemporary reggae(dub, Bob Marley) in order to find a music which reflected more adequately their sense of frustration and oppression. (Hebdige, 1979). They saw in Rastafarian history of exile a point of contact and it was exactly for this reason it was the only accepted subculture alternative to punk. Richard Hell, a punk musician, interviewed in the popular music magazine New Musical Express declared, punks are niggers (NME, 29 October 1977). An inevitably feisty claim but it is indicative of what was the real situation at that time. As Hebdige writes, the punk can be seen in part as white translation of black ethnicity. (Hebdige, 1979) In addition, this unstudied identification with black British and the West Indian tradition was a way to oppose actively to teddy boys, their hated rivals. In fact, punks used to modify and wear elements from the teddy boys style and it was perceived as an outrage by the teddy boy revivalists because they felt as punks stealing and fooling their way of clothing and, in a sense, their ideals. Punk style was perhaps interpreted by the teddy boys as an affront to the traditional working-class values of forthrightness, plain speech and sexual Puritanism which they had endorsed and revived (Hebdige, 1979). Concrete evidences of this tension between the two subcultures could be found every Saturday afternoon in the summer of 1977 along Kings Road where punctually a throng of punks and teds met to fight. Therefore, Reggae, notwithstanding its apparent distance from punk music, started to be present in a number of repertoires of punk bands as The Clash, The Slits, The Jam, and many others. In the majority of punk clubs, they used to play regularly heavy reggae music between live acts and, moreover, the song Punky Reggae Party by Bob Marley The Wailers, is the evident and overwhelming proof of this contamination. Chapter 3 Punks rebellion through style Rebellion is the heart of the punk subculture. Rebellion against society, rebellion against social inequalities, rebellion, in last instance, against conformism. Everything the punks did, everything they wore, dance to, fight for, everything can be consider as punk has the only aim of convey a message of nonconformity. Conformity can be defined as a change in a persons behaviour or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or a group of people. (Aronson, 1972) Therefore, punks rebellion was essentially against the prevailing modes of thought; what common people took for granted that is to say the necessity to have a good and certain job, the blame on homosexuality, the mistrust in other race, it was simply not accepted as the only and the best code of conduct. However, punks were young, poor, and completely helpless in effectively struggling for changing the reality. Therefore, the only weapon they found to react was to transform themselves in directly offensive and threatening beings. Punks, like previous post-war youth subculture such as teddy boys, the mods, the rockers, the skinheads, the beats, the zoot suiters, and the hippies created, a coherent and elaborate system of body adornment that expressed their estrangement from mainstream society and that horrified the general public. Having little access to dominant means of discourse, punks displayed their disaffiliation and their subcultural identity through such adornment, which was for them an accessible and direct channel of communication. By manipulating the standard codes of adornment in socially objectionable ways punks challenged the accepted categories of everyday dress and disrupted the codes and conventions of daily life (Wojick,1995) Early punks, probably unconsciously, used most of the rebellion techniques typical of the early avant-gardists: unusual fashions, the blurring of boundaries between art and every day life, juxtapositions of seemingly disparate objects and behaviours, intentional provocation of the audience, use of unstrained performers and drastic reorganization (or disorganization) of accepted performance styles and procedure (OHara,1999) In this contest, it is not surprisingly that the main features of punk fashion were so extremely impressive and shocking. Objects borrowed form the most sordid of contexts found a place in the punks ensembles: lavatory chains were draped in graceful arcs across chests encased in plastic bin-liners. Safety-pins were taken put of their domestic utility context and worn as gruesome ornaments through the cheek, ear or lip. Cheap trashy fabrics (PVC, plastic lurex, etc.) in vulgar designs (e.g. mock leopard skin) and nasty colours, long discarded by the quality end of the fashion industry as obsolete kitsch, were salvaged by the punks and turned into garments (fly boy drainpipes, common miniskirts) which offered self-conscious commentaries on the notions of modernity and taste.(Hebdige, 1979) Even the conventional ideas of beauty and attractiveness were refused. Hair was dyed with bright colours and straightened up in spikes and Mohawk. Body piercing degenerated in self-mutilation: studs and pins prinked eyebrows, cheeks, nose and lips. Make-up was used by both boys and girls in a massive and impressive way: cosmetics became as paint to be used in creating alien masks to hide behind. As Hebdige argued, beneath the clownish make-up there lurked the unaccepted and disfigured face of capitalism. Claiming to be anarchists and nihilists, punks felt free to offend as many people as they could. They wore terrorist/guerrilla outfits, directly offensive T-shirt covered in swear words or fake blood, along with desecrated religious object and sexually deviant accessories. The perverse and the abnormal were valued intrinsically. In particular, the illicit iconography of sexual fetishism was used to predictable effect. Rapist masks and rubber wear, leather bodices and fishnet stocking, implausibly pointed stiletto heeled shoes, the whole paraphernalia of bondage the belts, straps and chains were exhumed from the boudoir, closet and pornographic film and placed on the street were they retained their forbidden connotations. Some young punks even donned the dirty raincoat the most prosaic symbol of sexual kinkiness- and hence expressed their deviance in suitably proletarian terms. (Hebdige, 1979) For the first wave punks, each adornment used had a precise meaning: The safety pins and bin liners, for instance, symbolized a material and spiritual poverty in an exaggerated form, which could be really experienced or just acted out. In other words, the safety pins, etc. enacted that transition from real to symbolic scarcity which Paul Piccone (1969) has described as the movement from empty stomachs to empty spirits and therefore an empty life notwithstanding [the] chrome and the plastic [â‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦] of the lifestyle of bourgeois society. (Hebdige, 1979) One of the most controversial symbol used by punks were surely the swastika. This symbol was made available to the punks through Bowie and Lou Reeds Berlin phase. It evoked a decadent and evil Germany, an idea of no future strictly linked to the punks mood. Therefore, it had nothing to do with the Nazisms ideology in the punks vision. Quite the opposite, punks firmly supported the anti-fascism and anti-racism movement. In the punk wear, the swastika lost its classic meaning and it was worn just because it was guaranteed to shock. Conventionally, the swastika has always signified enemy and hate, and to be hated is exactly what punks wanted. Chapter 4 Role of media and DIY As it was showed previously, punk was surely a spectacular subculture and it would have been very difficult for media not to pay attention to it. Although many others groups had paved the way for punk through 1975, it was not until the advent of the Sex Pistols that punk began to take shape as a noticeable style for the vast public. The  New Musical Express  gave the  Sex Pistols  their first music press coverage in the 21 February 1976 for their performance at the Marquee. From then on punk rock began to attract critical attention of the specialized press, and criticism from all the rest of the world. Moral panic began emerging clamant after the accident happened at the punk festival at 100 Club in Soho in the September of the same year, when a girl was partially blinded by flying beer glass. Punks were angry, wore absurd and offensive clothes and openly claimed they wanted to fight the society and to be heated. It is not surprising that in few months all the British press was focused on this new subculture frightening the middle class. Punk was described as a big social problem and the deviant and anti-social act (as vandalism, swearing, fighting etc.) did nothing but worsen the situation. Their style was used as counter-evidence of the danger they represented: They infringed the sartorial codes in the same way they disrupted the civil and social codes; they dress in an inhuman way because they are beasts acting as animals without moral. Therefore, punks were demonized in the press and depicted as folk devils. They were a threat to adjure before it led to a degeneracy of all British youth: concerts were cancelled, the Sex Pistols song God save the Queen was banned by British radios, and moral barricades were raised by editors, politicians and other right-thinking people. However, nothing of the above could stop the punk movements diffusion. For the first time in the history, there was an attempt by a working-class youth subculture to provide an alternative critical space within the subculture itself to counteract the hostile ore at least ideologically inflected coverage which punk was receiving in the media. (Hebdige, 1979) An alternative punk press was created: the fanzines. Punk fanzines were non-professional and nonofficial journals edited by an individual or a small group consisting of reviews, editorials and interviews with the most important exponents of the punk scene. These publications were produced on a small scale as cheaply as possible and distributed through a small number of sympathetic retail outlets. The language in which the various manifestos were framed was determinedly working class (i.e. it was liberally peppered with swear words) and typing errors and grammatical mistakes, misspellings and jumbled pagination were left uncorrected in the final proof. Those corrections and crossings out that were made before publication were left to be deciphered by the reader. The overwhelming impression was one of urgency and immediacy, of a paper produced in indecent haste, of memos from the front line. (Hebdige, 1979) The fanzines are one of the most notable expressions of the punks Do It Yourself (DIY) concept. The  DIY ethic, in general terms,  refers to the ethic of being self-reliant by completing tasks oneself as opposed to having others who are more experienced or able complete them for you. The DIY ethic is tied to  punk ideology  and  anti consumerism, as a rejection of the need to purchase items or use existing systems or processes. Sniffin Glue, the first fanzine and the one which achieved the highest circulation, contained perhaps the single most inspired item of propaganda produced by the subculture the definitive statement of punks do- it -your self philosophy- a diagram showing three finger positions on the neck of a guitar over the caption: Heres one chord, heres two more, now form your band. (Hebdige, 1979) Nevertheless, the Do it yourself philosophy was not confined just in the press world. Emerging punk bands began to record their music, produce albums and merchandise, distribute their works and often performed  basement shows  in  residential  homes rather than at traditional  venue, in this way they could to avoid  corporate sponsorship and to secure freedom in performance. To be honest, these emergent bands had no many other choices because most of venues tended to evade more  experimental music, and so houses were often the only places at which they were allowed to play. Obviously, also punk fashion followed the DIY ideology: The clothes suited the lifestyle of those with limited cash due to unemployment and the general low-income school leavers. Punks cut up old clothes from charity and thrift shops, destroyed the fabric and refashioned outfits creating a very innovative way of clothing never existed before. This stylistic innovation attracted the medias attention provoking two different responses: In the fashion pages, the newness and the creativity of the punk fashion began to be not only accepted but also celebrated, while there was a big part of the British press still stigmatizing the punk as ridiculous and offensive. Starting from an initial acceptance by the fashion magazines, little by little all media began a sort of process of recuperation and incorporation of the punk: obviously, young punks still represented a deviant way of living but the medias attitude, and so of the whole society as well, slowly shifted from a demonizing approach to an exorcising approach. This was made, as Hebdige explains, throughout two different forms: The ideological form and the commodity form A Ideological form Through this form, media tried to neutralize the differences between punks and common people. Young punks family assumed a new role. The punks tended to be resituated by the press in the family, perhaps because members of the subculture deliberately obscured their origins, refused the family and willingly played the part of folk devil, presenting themselves as pure objects, as villainous clowns. [â‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦]. For whatever reason, the inevitable glut of articles gleefully denouncing the latest punk outrage was counter-balanced by an equal number of items devoted to the small detail of punk family life. (Hebdige, 1979) During the summer of 1977, several articles were published on punk babies, punk-ted weddings and on a lot of other common daily situations involving punks and with titles like Punks have mothers too: They tell us a few home truths (Woman, 15 April 1978) or Punks and Mothers (Woman s Own, 15 October 1977) All these articles served to minimize the Otherness so stridently proclaimed in punk style, and defined the subculture in precisely those terms which it sought most vehemently to resist and deny (Hebdige, 1979) B Commodity form This second form of incorporation is the most interesting for the purposes of this research. It is trough this form that subcultural signs (clothes, music etc.) are driven to the conversion into mass-produced objects. Therefore, it is here the key to understand how the punk way of clothing, born from the rebellion against the whole society and characterised from the beginning by an anti-fashion attitude, could be transformed and largely exploited as a proper fashion trend. But first to get to this, it will be necessary to draw the story of what could be consider the cradle of punk fashion The 430, Kings Road. Chapter 5 430, Kings Road Everything started in the October 1971 when Malcolm McLaren and his art-school friend Patrick Casey opened, here in the heart of the Chelsea district, a small stand in the back room of a shop called Paradise Garage. They sold at time original rock n roll vinyl records, specialized music magazines, vintage items from the 1950s and some garment. The young McLaren was convinced that music and fashion were two inseparable things and so, when in 1971 he obtained the proprietary rights on the store, he renamed it Let It Rock and transformed it in a clothing store stocked up with second-hand and new teddy boy clothes designed by his girlfriend Vivienne Westwood. The shop wavy iron facade was painted black with the stores name written in pink letters, while the interior followed the typical stylish period details, such as the so-called Odeon wallpapers. Westwoods designs sold in the shop were outrageous and outlandish, inspired by bikers, fetishists and prostitutes. Brothel creeper shoes, drape coats, and skin-tight trousers were designed by Vivienne Westwood (but also by McLaren itself) and then made up by an East End tailor and by a local seamstress.   One of the most representative example of the kind of garments sold in this first-phase Let It Rock is the Bones T-shirt: Using chicken bones acquired from a local takeaway, Westwood boiled and drilled the bones and attached them with chains and studs to spell keywords such as Rock and Perv. The idea originated in the skull and crossbones of the bikers, but it gave the garment a primitive, talismanic power. [1] Nothing similar ever appeared in the entire fashion world scene: the store with its creation attract the attention of the international press, from the Rolling Stone to certain Japanese magazines. It was a real success but McLaren was not completely satisfied with the style of the shop: their main customers were teddy boys and he had huge problems with them. For these reason the next year, he travelled to New York for a boutique fair where he met the emergent American rock band the New York Dolls. It was here he started to take his first steps in the rock music system. In fact he took over their management, he dressed them in red leather clothes supplied by his London store and promoted them using Soviet iconography. The Dolls broke up soon after, but served their purpose as a dry run for the management style he would soon deploy to spectacula

“12 Angry Men” by Reginald Rose Essay

When reading the play â€Å"12 angry men†, is it hard to ignore the prominent character- ‘the 8th Juror’. As the plot unfolds, the reader notices that Juror #8 is the only one among the 12 who really understands the seriousness of the situation at their hands. At the very beginning of the play, you can see that there is no sympathy towards the boy accused of murder. And why should it be? All the evidence that was brought up in the court room has crushed the defense and the boy’s chances on the trial. The prosecution made it clear that the boy is guilty. In fact, too clear- The defense was helpless and left many holes in their case. That’s why in the initial vote done by the jurors, everybody votes â€Å"guilty† (against the boy) except for #8. And here we see the first importance of #8: because of his reasonable doubt the jury hadn’t found the boy guilty at the first 10 minutes of their debating, which would have ended the trial. #8 did not necessarily believe the boy was innocent, but he understood that if he raised his hand at that vote- it would all end. They will not have a chance to discuss the case, and it will, in his eyes, belittle the value of human life. Furthermore, we can see that #8 is a key character in many other parts of the play. After starting to talk about the case, some of the other jurors got mad and tried to convince #8 to vote â€Å"guilty† and end the discussion. Yet, he stayed calm and tried to continue debating in spite of their efforts to â€Å"convert† him. After realizing that he is standing alone against them, he called for another vote, in which he will not participate (a rather questionable action, considering he had not yet spoke out the contradictions that he had found in the prosecution’s case). This was a rather bold step, but it paid out because of #9, who changed his vote to â€Å"not guilty† because of his respect towards #8 and #8’s courage. We see that despite the efforts the 11 jurors made, #8 stuck to his position and allowed the continuation of the play. At page 26 we see another contribution to the unfolding of the case- Juror #8  brings up the question whether the old man (who had testified about hearing the accused boy shouting â€Å"I’m going to kill you†) could really hear what he had clamed he heard. #8 makes the brilliant connection between two pieces of separate testimonies and proves (as much as it can be proved) that it was not possible for the old man to hear that. One by one he shattered the so-called facts, as he proved that â€Å"Sometimes the facts that are staring you in the face are wrong†. He develops the issue with the 15-seconds walk the old man apparently took, the eyeglasses marks next to the testifying woman’s eyes and many more. You can say that juror #8 has an additional importance to the play, in the terms of his character and personality. He shows a side that the jurors could not see- he tried to put himself in the boy’s shoes and see the case from a different perspective. By doing that, he showed the other jurors how prejudice can prevent people from seeing the truth (or in their case- judge in a fare manner). You can honestly say that if it were not for him, the boy would have been put to death for sure. He may only be an architect, but he presented his arguments like a lawyer and proved his theories throughout the play. He avoided being personally involved and let his sharp and lucid mind lead him and the rest of the jury on their way to solve the case.

Biola Essay Samples Secrets That No One Else Knows About

Biola Essay Samples Secrets That No One Else Knows About The Lost Secret of Biola Essay Samples Essay writing is normally practiced is schools. Reviewing some narrative essay examples will be able to help you to organize your information and help you decide how to compose each paragraph to acquire the best outcomes. Writing an essay is a vital role in academe life. Just stick to the guidelines stated above, and you're going to be well on your way to writing a very good persuasive essay. Unlike every other component of the program, you control your essay. No matter this issue, the structure is precisely the same for any persuasive essay. As any guide on how best to compose a persuasive essay will inform you, your essay has to be organized in paragraphs with a logical progression from 1 paragraph to the next. Weave in your perspective to produce your essay unique. Sample persuasive essays can also offer inspiration on topics to write on in addition to serve as examples about how to compose your essay. Your persuasive essay will have a lot of paragraphs. A persuasive essay has to be able to grab the interest of the folks reading it easily. Having evidence isn't enough. The Good, the Bad and Biola Essay Samples Students shouldn't have to wear uniforms. They should not have to wear school uniforms because they limit students' ability to express their individuality. In general, they are asked to write assignments that take between half an hour and a whole hour. As a consequence, such students start looking for the best essay help to make certain that their project is going to be produced at the maximal level in a ccord with all academic standards. What to Expect From Biola Essay Samples? Make certain all submitted work is crystal clear and legible. When you settle on this issue and pick the position on which you will base your essay, the remainder of the job can then begin. You may trust us to supply expert assistance for many of your academic writing needs. While attempting to learn how to compose a persuasive essay step-by-step, students forget about another important activity. The value of research in persuasive writing can't be overstated. Persuasive essay topics don't always must be of a severe nature, you can write about things that are linked in your life. Therefore, for your convenience, you have a superb chance to monitor the advancement of the assigned writer and make sure an essay will be ready in a timely way. The Ultimate Biola Essay Samples Trick Medicine, specifically, is among the spheres that's changing in a manner that puts a premium on communication skills (Back et al. 2009). Possessing very good research abilities and selecting a great topic is essential. Such last-minute searching never becomes futile, which causes unfinished essay assignments and ends in a poor grade. There are lots of free examples of suitable formatting. You can easily locate essay writing services that may write for you at cheap prices. This essay is dealing with the a variety of pros and cons of choosing an inexpensive essay support. Getting the Best Biola Essay Samples Such a paragraph might incorporate a succinct overview of the ideas to be discussed in body of the paper and other information related to your paper's argument. The introductory paragraph is perhaps the main paragraph in the essay since it's the very first and possibly last opportunity to generate an effect on the reader. In your introduction paragraph, it is sufficient to introduce the topic and offer meaningful background info. Before writing down the facts and examples which you are likely to tackle, you ought to be well informed, first of all, about your topic. It would be considerably more difficult to align your arguments to coordinate with the thesis, and it could diminish the worth of your assessment and the validity of your arguments. The absolute most important role of the introductory paragraph, nevertheless, is to present a crystal clear statement of the paper's argument. You should incorporate an individual phrase for every one of your topics of assessment. Employing a writing service is the best means to have a well-written essay to use as a guideline to guarantee the essays you write are hitting all the critical points and are at the appropriate depth needed for your academic grade.

Plate Tectonics ( 20 Points ) - 1678 Words

Question 1: Plate Tectonics (20 points) Plate tectonics is a theory where earth’s crust in the lithosphere is made up of plates that float on a hot layer of molten magma in the asthenosphere, and moves constantly and under different circumstances causes mountains, volcanoes, and earthquakes to appear. With the evidence of plate tectonics and fossils, it is believed that about 225 million years ago, all the major continents had formed one giant continent known as Pangaea. However, due to possible heat build up underneath the giant continent, Pangaea broke up thus splitting up populations of plants and animals. With the rift, ocean waters filled the areas that once were the giant continent, therefore separating these continents. To this day, landmasses continue to move apart, riding upon their respective plates. The movement of earth’s twelve major tectonic plates helped determine the position and shape of the continents for millions of years. Where the plates meet, and its motions determine the type of boundary. There are four types of boundaries where activity of plate tectonics can be found: divergent, convergent, collisional, and transform boundaries. A divergent boundary in plate tectonics is also known as a constructive boundary. It exists when two tectonic plates are moving away from each other and create rift valleys. This usually occurs between oceanic plates. The sea floor spreading is an example of divergent boundaries. An underwater chain of mountainsShow MoreRelatedThe Plate Tectonics Of New Zealand1581 Words   |  7 PagesStudy of the plate tectonics of New Zealand has been undertaken since the early 1800s, however the most notable discovery regarding the plate tectonic setting was made in the 1940s by Harold Wellman, who discovered the Alpine Fault. Since then, our knowledge of the plate tectonic setting of New Zealand has been vastly expanded, leading to our present day understanding of the topic. A large part of our present day knowledge of the plate tectonic setting has been gained through the study of activeRead MorePlate Tectonics and Crust Oceanic Lithosphere1542 Words   |  7 Pagescrust is 20 to 70 kilom eters thick and composed mainly of lighter granite. The density of continental crust is about 2.7 grams per cubic centimeter. It is thinnest in areas like the Rift Valleys of East Africa and in an area known as the Basin and Range Province in the western United States (centered in Nevada this area is about 1500 kilometers wide and runs about 4000 kilometers North/South). Continental crust is thickest beneath mountain ranges and extends into the mantle. Plate Tectonics * TheRead MoreThe Big Pine, Garlock, And San Andreas Fault929 Words   |  4 Pagesrequires such knowledge to effectively determine conditions at any given point in time. Tectonic Stress and the San Andreas Fault According to Townend and Zoback (2004) the San Andreas Fault (SAF) region has been noted for its possession of stress orientations in addition to the lack of a distinct heat flow anomaly at the trace of the fault. These findings indicate that there are average shear tractions that are less than 20-25 MPa in the seismogenic upper crust. Oftentimes, shear tractions measureRead MoreLab Lesson 2 Essay942 Words   |  4 PagesPart 1 of 1 - 100.0/ 100.0 Points Question 1 of 22 4.0/ 4.0 Points Who proposed that all of the present continents were once joined together in a single supercontinent called Pangaea? A.Alfred Wegener B.Charles Darwin C.Arthur Holmes D. Harry Hess Answer Key: A Question 2 of 22 4.0/ 4.0 Points The scientific community rejected the theory of plate tectonics because Alfred Wegener could NOT A.identify a mechanism to move the continents. B.disprove competing theoriesRead MoreU.s. Geological Survey Registered The Tohoku Earthquake1546 Words   |  7 Pagesearthquake is one that occurs in a subduction zone, an area where one of the earth’s tectonic plates sinks under another (Fig. 2). Although it takes hundreds of years for a megathrust earthquake to start, they are particularly devastating because they deform the ocean floor, resulting in a tsunami.4,5 A tsunami is a huge wave of water caused by vertical movements on the sea floor (Fig. 2).6 The movement of tectonic plates leads to an enormous displacement of water, creating a series of waves.6 As theseRead MoreEssay on EarthQuakes2694 Words   |  11 Pagesintroduced it was learned that many earthquakes are the result of sea floor spreading, but most are caused by volcanic eruptions and plate tectonics. The plate tectonic theory explains that the earth is made up of 20 different plates that are always moving slowly past each other. This action pulls and compacts the plates, creating intense forces that cause the plates to break. This, in turn, causes earthquakes. The energy released then travels along fault lines in seismic waves (World Book Encyclopedia)Read MoreEarth Is The Planet Of Earth1586 Words   |  7 Pageswith surface soils and sediments. In most areas it is about 20-55 miles thick, and is held together by tectonic plates. These plates span across the entire planet , and interact with each other forming geographical features like oceans, mountains, trenches and volcanoes. Before the dawn of mankind it is commonly accepted that entire planet encompassed one giant continent known scientifically as Pangea, but over time, earth’s tectonic plates retracted causing the modern day seven continents. AlfredRead MoreVolcanic and Seismic Events as Proof of Plate Tectonic Theory2670 Words   |  11 Pagesevidence towards proving that plate tectonics theory is valid. A seismic event is the transient motion and release of kinetic energy caused by sudden failure of the earths crust, usually felt as shaking or tremors in the rock mass. Seismic events range in size from barely perceptible tremors to major earthquakes. Volcanic events occur when there is a release of magma, gas and ash from the Earth’s crust. The entire outer surface of the planet is divided into these plate formations with approximatelyRead MoreUsing Paleomagnetic Data For The World s Landmasses Of The Late Triassic Early Jurassic1389 Words   |  6 PagesJurassic. This concept of a supercontinent was originally proposed by Alfred Wegener (Wegener, 1915). He suggested that all continents assembled into a single supercontinent, approximately 300 million years ago, and then according to the theory of plate tectonics, began to break apart 175 million years ago (Rogers et al., 2004) Immense geologic and geophysical evidence have been presented, by Wegener and others, to support this theory for the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic. However when analyzing the paleomagneticRead MoreThe Deaths of People in the Kobe Earthquake Essay1212 Words   |  5 PagesDeaths of People in the Kobe Earthquake As a class we have been asked to investigate Why did so many people die in the Kobe earthquake? In this project I will be covering: 1.Where, when and why the earthquake happened and which plates were involved. 2.What the primary and secondary effects were. 3.How well prepared the Japanese people were for the earthquake. 4.How well people coped with the disaster. 5.How the Japanese authorities put things right

Public Assistance For Welfare Programs - 1194 Words

Many people in our country have turned to public assistance for help in our troubling economy. Welfare programs in our country date back to the early 1900’s. When these programs first started they were set up to support those who genuinely needed it. Many of the people who use these programs are hard working people who have had unfortunate things happen to them. However for those who use government assistance for good there are those who take advantage of the programs. Those who take advantage have turned to drugs and are unable or unwilling to make the necessary life changes that the others using the support have. Welfare programs were started to help those who have fallen into an undesirable situation such as losing a job. These programs are not setup to aid in or assist in people’s drug habits. Drug use has substantially risen over the years many of the drugs that people are using are worse than recreational marijuana use. They are also set up to help mothers with ch ildren to keep their children at home and not in foster care. Also to ensure that children and theirs parents have food, shelter, and basic everyday essentials. Drug testing those who receive public assistance would be beneficial to the whole country. While there will always be these that insist that drug testing these people is unconstitutional. It also appears that those taking advantage of the system is also unconstitutional. Drug testing, as a requirement for welfare, would ensure that those who have aShow MoreRelatedThe Reforms Of Public Benefits For Needy Families1476 Words   |  6 PagesReforms of public benefits for needy families in the U.S. and specifically single mothers, which took place in August of 1996, was an important step since its inception with FDR in 1935. Many requirements were imposed onto public benefits eligibility, such as work and income requirement and establishing a time limit for public aid. Effects of the reform were hard to ignore as it resulted in decreasing governmental expenditure and heavy program caseloads. However, the big debate about public benefitsRead MoreNutritious Lunches : Nutritious Meals1375 Words   |  6 Pagesnutritious meals. There should also be restrictions put into place on what participants can and cannot buy. The Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program has guidelines on what can and cannot be bought. A participant is allowed to buy a certain dollar amount of fresh fruits and vegetables a month, along with 1% or skim milk, eggs, cheese, breakfast cereal, beans, peanut butter, bread, and tuna for breastfeeding mothers. Everything that can be purchased has a good nutritional value and nothing isRead MoreReforming The Welfare System Reform Essay1479 Words   |  6 Pagesthe welfare system was first initiated by Bill Clinton in 1996, by keeping a promise â€Å"to end welfare as we know it.† Between the years of 1989 and 1994, there had been a 33% increase in the number of households receiving wel fare. Originally, these provisions of reform were implemented as a strategy to increase labor market production among public assistance recipients. Many held the belief that those receiving welfare had become too dependent on public assistance. It was suggested that welfare discouragedRead MoreWelfare Should Be Temporary. Essay680 Words   |  3 Pages Public assistance is a broad term for the many programs that are meant to help lift people out of poverty and hard times, yet some people abuse these programs and find ways to stay on public assistance for the long run. The solution to all the problems they cause is not hard to find. Welfare should be temporary. One of Americas biggest misconceptions about public assistance is that of people on welfare. Rita Jensen, an investigative journalist in New York city and a former welfare recipientRead MoreThe Issue Of Drug Testing Welfare Recipients And Applicants1231 Words   |  5 Pagespaper will explore the pros and cons on the issue of drug testing welfare recipients and applicants. The journals and articles used to determine whether drug testing is necessary or a hindrance to public assistance applicants, recipients and the government vary in their argument on the effects of those who receive assistance. The study, completed by Anderson, Shannon, Schyb and Goldstein (2002) determined that, due to the change in Welfare reform in 1996, the disruption of benefits increased the riskRead MoreDrug Testing and Public Assistance1299 Words   |  5 PagesDrug Testing Public Assistance Public or federal assistance is considered to be a federal program and service, provided to the needy by the federal government. These federal programs are meant to assist government, organizations, and individuals in all areas such as health, public safety, education, and public welfare. These various programs can typically reach over $400 billion annually; and are provided through many federal agencies. Perhaps the most controversial these days is drug testingRead MoreThe Ideological Debate Over Social Welfare1153 Words   |  5 PagesDebate Over Social Welfare Abstract Welfare is a frequently debated topic, largely because there remains a widespread disagreement over its value. Its critics consider it wasteful and concurrent with the values of socialism while its supporters view it as the social responsibility of an industrial advanced and compassionate nation. The research outlined here below dissects this cardinal disagreement while investigating the sociological implications of Americas social welfare programs. Social Problem Read MoreEssay on Frances Welfare System 954 Words   |  4 Pages The welfare system in France is founded on the principle of solidarity. Solidarity is sense of the responsibility of the individuals in the society to help each other out. This is all for the common good (Spicker). In order to promote solidarity, France has a welfare system that includes universal entitlements, social insurance, means-tested public assistance, and tax expenditures programs. One aspect of the French welfare system is universal entitlements. One universal entitlement under the FrenchRead MoreSocial Welfare And The Welfare System924 Words   |  4 Pagesmany public policy issues, whether those issues include social welfare, immigration or even environmental issues. Congress receives numerous issues on public polices every day, but they cannot handle and solve every issues that comes across their daily agenda, nor can they satisfy every person in this country. Congress prioritizes on those issues that are more important and relevant to find a probable solution too. A growing issue we see that in today’s society are issues in the social welfare systemRead MoreThe Moral Underground By Lisa Dodson1349 Words   |  6 Pagesdon’t make enough to have a living wage (pg. 23). As I’ve learned in class not all the time can people afford or qualify to get on public assistance therefore there are secret heroes that help those who are in need. At the end of the book it is recommended that people have a living wage. If there is a universal wage then people would not need to be on public assistance. But what constitutes a living wage, should it reflect on the family size or a standard amount. I personally believe it needs to reflect

5 Dangerous Things You Should Let Your Kids so Free Essays

GEVER TULLY: 5 DANGEROUS THINGS YOU SHOULD LET YOUR KIDS DO Welcome to â€Å"Five Dangerous Things You Should Let Your Children Do. †Ã‚  I don’t have children. I borrow my friends’ children, so  (Laughter)  take all this advice with a grain of salt. We will write a custom essay sample on 5 Dangerous Things You Should Let Your Kids so or any similar topic only for you Order Now I’m Gever Tulley. I’m a contract computer scientist by trade,  but I’m the founder of something called the Tinkering School. It’s a summer program which aims to help kids to learn  how to build the things that they think of. So we build a lot of things. And I do put power tools into the hands of second-graders. So if you’re thinking about sending your kid to Tinkering School,  they do come back bruised, scraped and bloody. So, you know, we live in a worldthat’s subjected to ever more stringent child safety regulations. There doesn’t seem to be any limit on how crazy  child safety regulations can get. We put suffocation warnings on all the — on every piece of plastic film  manufactured in the United States or for sale  with an item in the United States. We put warnings on coffee cups to tell us  that the contents may be hot. And we seem to think that any item  sharper than a golf ball is too sharp  for children under the age of 10. So where does this trend stop? When we round every corner and eliminate every sharp object,  every pokey bit in the world,  then the first time that kids come in contact with anything sharp  or not made out of round plastic,  they’ll hurt themselves with it. So, as the boundaries of what we determine as the safety zone  grow ever smaller, we cut off our children from valuable opportunities  to learn how to interact with the world around them. And despite all of our best efforts and intentions,  kids are always going to figure out  how to do the most dangerous thing they can,  in whatever environment they can. So despite the provocative title, this presentation is really about safety  and about some simple things that we can do  to raise our kids to be creative, confident  and in control of the environment around them. And what I now present to you is an excerpt from a book in progress. The book is called â€Å"50 Dangerous Things. †Ã‚  This is five dangerous things. Thing number one — play with fire. Learning to control one of the most elemental forces in nature  is a pivotal moment in any child’s personal history. Whether we remember it or not,it’s a — it’s the first time we really get  control of one of these mysterious things. These mysteries are only revealed  to those who get the opportunity to play with it. So, playing with fire. This is like one of the great things we ever discovered, fire. From playing with it, they learn some basic principles about fire,  about intake, about combustion, about exhaust. These are the three working elements of fire  that you have to have to have a good controlled fire. And you can think of the open-pit fire as a laboratory. You don’t know what they’re going to learn from playing with it. You know, let them fool around with it on their own terms and trust me,  they’re going to learn things  that you can’t get out of playing with Dora the Explorer toys. Number two — own a pocketknife. Pocketknives are kind of drifting out of our cultural consciousness,  which I think is a terrible thing. Laughter)  Your first — your first pocketknife is like the first universal tool that you’re given. You know, it’s a spatula, it’s a pry bar,  it’s a screwdriver and it’s a blade. And it’s a — it’s a powerful and empowering tool. And in a lot of cultures they give knives —  like, as soon as they’re toddlers they have knives. These are Inuit child ren cutting whale blubber. I first saw this in a Canadian Film Board film when I was 10,  and it left a lasting impression, to see babies playing with knives. And it shows that kids can develop an extended sense of self  through a tool at a very young age. You lay down a couple of very simple rules —  always cut away from your body, keep the blade sharp, never force it  Ã¢â‚¬â€ and these are things kids can understand and practice with. And yeah, they’re going to cut themselves. I have some terrible scars on my legs from where I stabbed myself. But you know, they’re young. They heal fast. (Laughter) Number three — throw a spear. It turns out that our brains are actually wired for throwing things  and, like muscles, if you don’t use parts of your brain,  they tend to atrophy over time. But when you exercise them,  any given muscle adds strength to the whole system  and that applies to your brain too. So practicing throwing things has been shown to  stimulate the frontal and parietal lobes,  which have to do with visual acuity, 3D understanding,  and structural problem solving, so it gives a sense —  it helps develop their visualization skills and their predictive ability. And throwing is a combination of analytical and physical skill,  so it’s very good for that kind of whole-body training. These kinds of target-based practice alsohelps kids develop attention and concentration skills. So those are great. Number four — deconstruct appliances. There is a world of interesting things inside your dishwasher. Next time you’re about to throw out an appliance, don’t throw it out. Take it apart with your kid, or send him to my school  and we’ll take it apart with them. Even if you don’t know what the parts are,  puzzling out what they might be for  is a really good practice for the kids  to get sort of the sense that they can take things apart,  and no matter how complex they are,  they can understand parts of them and that means that eventually,  they can understand all of them. It’s a sense of knowability, that something is knowable. So these black boxes that we live with and take for granted  are actually complex things made by other people  and you can understand them. Number five — two-parter. Break the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. There are laws beyond safety regulations  that attempt to limit how we can interact with the things  that we own — in this case, digital media. It’s a very simple exercise — buy a song on ITunes, write it to a CD,  then rip the CD to an MP3 and play it on your very same computer. You’ve just broken a law. Technically the RIAA can come and persecute you. It’s an important lesson for kids to understand —  that some of these laws get broken by accident  and that laws have to be interpreted. And it’s something we often talk about with the kids  when we’re fooling around with things and breaking them open  and taking them apart and using them for other things —  and also when we go out and drive a car. Driving a car is a — is a really empowering act for a young child,  so this is the ultimate. For those of you who aren’t comfortable actually breaking the law,  you can drive a car with your child. This is — this is a great stage for a kid. This happens about the same time  that they get latched onto things like dinosaurs,  these big things in the outside world  that they’re trying to get a grip on. A car is a similar object, and they can get in a car and drive it. And  that’s a really, like — it gives them a handle on a world  in a way that they wouldn’t — that they don’t often have access to. So — and it’s perfectly legal. Find a big empty lot, make sure there’s nothing in it  and it’s on private property, and let them drive your car. It’s very safe actually. And it’s fun for the whole family. So, let’s see. I think that’s it. That’s number five and a half. OK. How to cite 5 Dangerous Things You Should Let Your Kids so, Essay examples

Exercise for a Surgical Patient-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the teaching the theory of deep Breathing and Coughing to a surgical Patient. Answer: Introduction The deep breathing and coughing exercise in necessary for patients after surgery since it helps to reduce the risk of various lung problems. It is the responsibility of a health professional to teach patients deep breathing and coughing exercise after surgery since it helps to lower the risk of lung problems. It is common for patients to take shallow breaths after surgery because of limited mobility or pain. This report will focus on teaching the theory of deep breathing and coughing to a surgical patient, as it protects from various lung complications. Dillon Harper is a 57-year-old man with triple coronary artery disease; about seven months ago he had a myocardial infarction. Mr. Harper works in a magazine company for 18 years which is mostly sitting work, before that he was in the accounts department of an investment company. Mr. Harper is married to Jamie Harper, and they have two children, Mr. Harper belongs from an upper-middle-class family, and he speaks fluent English. He recently has Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting surgery which was successful, and a few days ago doctor removed his breathing tube. This essay will teach the theory of deep breathing and coughing to Mr. Harper and provide him recommendations as per his socioeconomic conditions. Requirement of Deep Breathing and Coughing Exercise for a Surgical Patient After a major surgery, it is necessary for the patient to take an active part in his/her recovery, and doing breathing exercise after surgery is critical for the health of a patient. The human lung tissues are made up of multiple air sacs called alveolar sacs; these sacs expanded fully during normal breathing. After a major surgery, it is normal that patient takes shallow breaths due to limited mobility or pain, which may cause secretions, i.e., mucous, to stay in the lungs of the patient (Urell, Emtner, Hedenstrm, Tenling, Breidenskog, Westerdahl, 2011). The secretion collapses the air sacs which is called atelectasis. The deep breathing and coughing exercise right after surgery can be uncomfortable for the patients and many people avoid it due to pain, but, this exercise is necessary to avoid diseases such as pneumonia (Westerdahl Olsen, 2015). These exercises assist the patient in clearing his lungs from mucus which help him breathe and reduce the risk of diseases. After waking up from a minor surgery, the patient should breathe deeply and cough every hour for the first two or three days and in major surgery he/she should wait till pain is gone (Chailler, 2009). The patient should also move and change his/her position often while doing the exercise. As per the study conducted by Rudan et al. (2011), the breathing and coughing exercises following coronary artery bypass surgery assist in improving the pulmonary functions (Chest, 2005). Learning and Justification of the Theories To perform the breathing theory, the patient should be in a comfortable position, supine or sitting up. The patient can start the breathing exercise by relaxing his/her shoulders and upper chest. The patient should take a deep breath through his/her nose letting the lower abdomen move and expanding the lower rib cage, and mouth should be closed (Saxena Saxena, 2009). Hold the breath for around three to five seconds and then slowly breathe out through the mouth. Repeat the same thing three more times. Taking too much breath can cause dizziness or light-head. Perform this exercise for around an hour. Another theory of deep breathing is to sit or stand with the arms resting on the side. Taking a slow breath through the nose and raising the arms above the head at the same time (Nidhi Tamang, 2015). After that lower the arms back to the side and slowly breathe out through the mouth at the same time. The patient should complete five breathing cycles at a time (Overend, Anderson, Jackson, Lucy, Prendergast, Sinclair, 2010). The coughing theory should be done when the patient is feeling comfortable. The healthcare provider should tell you not to do the exercise if you are not ready. For this exercise first, lie on the back and bend the knees (if surgeon suggested so) or rest your feet straight. As per the condition of surgery, the patient might take the support of incision firmly or small pillow before trying to cough (Keefer, 2017). After that, the patient should breathe in deeply and cough firmly. If mucous come while coughing then it tissues should be used to clear it. The coughing should be repeated till there is no mucous left. The patient can take a break in the exercise if there is a lot of mucous, and he/she should repeat it five times (Filbay, Hayes Holland, 2012). Adjustment in Theories based on Clients Preferences In case of Mr. Harper, he should apply these theories into his daily routine few days after his surgery or after the permission of his surgeon. Mr. Harper should wait after the surgery till the pain in his incision is gone. The health professionals might give an analgesic to Mr. Harper if the pain is present in his incision. He should also perform these exercises at home to reduce the risk of pneumonia. At the hospital, the healthcare staff can help him, and in his home, he can use the help of his family. Mr. Harpers wife and children can encourage him to perform the exercise regularly, and they can also perform these exercises with him, to ensure that he is periodically doing his sessions. Mr. Harper can perform this exercise at his office since he has a sitting job. He can take regular breaks while working to do these exercises. Mr. Harper can use a clock or timer from his phone to set time for daily sessions and do them regularly while he is in the office. These theories are essential to perform after Mr. Harpers Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting surgery since he is highly vulnerable to pneumonia (Mohr et al., 2013). If the patient did not have a sitting job, then he/she can take breaks from work to perform the exercises. Conclusion To conclude, the deep breathing and coughing theory is necessary after a major surgery since patients take shallow breaths due to pain or low mobility. The risk of pneumonia and lung diseases increased after a surgery. To avoid such diseases the patient should regularly perform the exercise as discussed above. In case of Mr. Harper, these exercises are extremely important since patients are highly vulnerable to pneumonia after a Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting surgery. 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